Breast Implant Illness

Breast implant illness (BII) is a term to describe the constellation of symptoms that are reported to develop after surgery inserting breast implants for breast augmentation or breast reconstruction.

Breast Implant Illness in Atlanta, GA with Dr. Rudderman

Restore Your Wellness and Quality of Life

It is also referred to as autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) or human adjuvant disease.

Breast implants can have a profound impact on a woman’s sense of self and body image. While most women who have breast implants are happy with them and don’t develop any problems, an increased awareness around the health implications of breast implants in recent years has resulted in a surge of patients reporting symptoms they feel are directly connected to their saline or silicone breast implants. Multiple reputable studies and literature reviews have documented 50% to 94% resolution of symptoms of concern in patients after removal of implants.

At Dr. Rudderman Plastic Surgery, Dr. Randy Rudderman and our compassionate team understand how frustrating this can be, especially if you have been repeatedly dismissed by other healthcare providers and have yet to find an explanation for your symptoms. Our breast implant illness evaluations and treatment plans are designed to support your health and wellness goals while taking care to honor your aesthetic concerns.

Dr. Rudderman understands how distressing it can be when a decision intended to improve your quality of life may become something that starts to wear you down and impacts your wellness. We recognize and acknowledge that these symptoms are real, your concerns are valid, and your health and wellness are our top priority.

Are you ready to schedule your breast implant illness consultation? Contact us at (678) 566-7200 or request your consultation to start your journey back to wellness today! We are located in Alpharetta and Atlanta, GA and proudly serve patients from around the country.

How Common Is Breast Implant Illness?

It is not yet clear how many people suffer from BII. Anyone with breast implants can develop BII, and more than 300,000 breast augmentations are performed in the U.S. each year. The FDA asks patients to report symptoms of BII, so they can keep track of how many people are affected. They have received thousands of reports, with unexplained fatigue being the most cited symptom.

What Are the Symptoms of Breast Implant Illness?

While BII impacts each person uniquely, the most common complaints reported are extreme fatigue that does not improve with adequate rest and a range of autoimmune symptoms impacting a variety of organ systems. BII may also be associated with a range of physical, systemic, and cognitive symptoms that can negatively affect your overall health and quality of life.

Physical Symptoms

  • Joint pain and muscle aches
  • Hair loss or texture changes
  • Skin changes, including rashes and dryness
  • Recurring sinus infections
  • Difficulty swallowing and GI symptoms
  • Symmetric joint pain (affects both sides, knees, ankles and wrists)
  • Numbness, tingling or burning sensations
  • Neck and shoulder discomfort
  • Heart palpitations and chest discomfort
  • Shortness of breath and a chronic cough
  • Excessive throat clearing
  • Changes in the sclera (whites of the eyes)
  • Ankle pain upon waking
  • Swollen eyes (particularly the lower eyelids)
  • Discoloration of the hands or feet

Systemic Symptoms

  • Autoimmune conditions (including change in Hashimoto’s, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, fibromyalgia, SLE, Raynaud’s and Sjogren’s Syndromes)
  • Recurring infections and slow healing
  • Hormonal and endocrine imbalances, thyroid dysfunction
  • Irregular menstrual cycles
  • Fertility challenges and low libido
  • Digestive issues (IBS, reflux, and a leaky gut)
  • New food sensitivities and allergies
  • Unexplained weight changes
  • Bladder problems and frequent urination
  • Liver function changes
  • Night sweats and fevers
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Concern for neurologic symptoms that may mimic disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS)

Cognitive & Psychological Symptoms

  • Brain fog and memory difficulties
  • Headaches and migraines
  • Vertigo and balance issues
  • Anxiety and panic attacks
  • Depression and mood changes
  • Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
  • Vision changes
  • Sleep disturbances and fatigue
  • Difficulty concentrating or focusing

Countless women have been to the ER for heart palpitations or chest pain, been seen by a gastroenterologist for upper GI issues, or consulted with a neurologist, orthopedist, endocrinologist, dermatologist, rheumatologist, or other specialist without finding a resolution for their symptoms. Patients note that they are often placed on medications to treat some of these symptoms without resolution. Some patients report being able to reduce many medications after having their implants removed under the direction of their physician.

Research has documented more than 100 different symptoms associated with breast implant illness, and patients may experience any combination of these symptoms. These symptoms can appear any time after breast augmentation, either soon after surgery or years later. However, since BII isn’t a condition for which doctors can explicitly test, determining whether your symptoms are related to your implants is typically a process of elimination, ruling out other treatable causes first. The challenge for doctors is determining who will potentially benefit from implant removal.

What Causes Breast Implant Illness?

While researchers haven’t identified a single definitive aetiology of BII, several theories may help explain why some women develop symptoms. Some of the theories being evaluated include the role of biofilms, heavy metals, allergic reactions, or an immune response to foreign objects.

Heavy Metals

It is suspected that some women’s symptoms may be the result of an allergic reaction or immune response to some of the materials found in breast implant shells. Both saline and silicone breast implants contain small amounts of heavy metals – either as an ingredient or as a byproduct from the manufacturing process. However, data from the Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation (ASERF) detected heavy metals such as silver, aluminum, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, tin, and platinum in less than 10% of implant removal cases. All results were reportedly below established safety thresholds, not presenting a clear connection between BII and heavy metal toxicity.

Biofilms

BII has been suggested as associated with biofilms – colonies of bacteria that adhere to the surface of the breast implant. These biofilms can originate from bacteria naturally present in breast tissue or may be introduced during the surgical process.

Recent studies examining DNA and antibody data have not confirmed an infectious etiology. However, some patients with BII were found to have higher levels of some cytokines, proteins associated with inflammation that regulate the body’s immune response to infection.

Unlike a bacterial infection, biofilms:

  • Are not an active infection
  • Don’t respond to antibiotics because they employ unique strategies to “evade” the body’s defenses and immune system
  • May trigger immune responses that lead to tissue reaction linked to capsular contracture (a tightening of the scar tissue around implants that becomes hard and painful) in multiple studies

 

How Can I Reduce My Risk?

Our immune systems react differently to foreign objects in the body, making it problematic at this time to determine a woman’s risk of breast implant illness before augmentation. Any of these factors, or even a combination of these and other unknown factors, may be a contributor to BII symptoms in women, and symptoms may develop over time with normal aging and hormonal changes.

Implant removal is your choice. Because BII symptoms may be associated with other treatable illnesses, it is important to evaluate symptoms both before and after implant removal. Residual symptoms may be related to treatable diseases and syndromes. And symptoms that do not resolve after implant removal should be evaluated by the appropriate physician to comply with best practice health care. Having a general health screen is a good practice and may include blood tests, a physical exam, and additional assessments as recommended by your general practitioner, such as:

  • Complete blood count test or CBC
  • Metabolic profile tests
  • Liver function tests
  • Thyroid function tests
  • Vitamin D levels
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a blood test that can show if you have inflammation in your body
  • C-reactive protein test (CRP), CRP levels are elevated in some with BII and inflammation
  • Autoimmune screening
  • Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
  • Rheumatoid factor test
  • Ferritin level test
  • Serum IgG, IgM
  • Autoimmune disease markers
  • Antinuclear antibody
  • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
  • Anti-double-strand DNA
  • Anti-Sjögren’s syndrome A & B
  • Rheumatoid factor
  • Anti-ribonucleic acid protein
  • Anti-scleroderma antibodies
  • Anti-TTG, tissue transglutaminase

(This list is not inclusive, and the testing done should be determined by your general physician or specialist.)

Most of our patients seeking implant removal to alleviate their BII symptoms respond positively shortly after explant surgery. Those with clearly defined objective findings, such as chronic skin rashes, have, in some cases, demonstrated rapid symptom resolution when other treatments have failed. Our positive response rate of reported improvement, reduction, and/or elimination of general BII symptoms remains consistent with recent data from ASERF (which reports an 88% reduction in symptoms in one year following implant removal).

Their findings indicate that:

  • Up to 94% of BII patients who attribute their symptoms to their implants experience symptom improvement after implant removal.
  • Some women do not have a positive experience with implant removal and may regret their explantation. Deciding to remove implants is worth careful consideration.
  • Symptoms that do not resolve after implant removal should be further evaluated.
  • Even with symptom resolution, the aesthetic appearance following implant removal may result in significant dissatisfaction.

Who Is Likely to Respond to Implant Removal?

We understand that the decision to take out your implants is not an easy one, especially when no one can ensure the procedure will alleviate your symptoms. While there’s no single test that can predict who will respond best to implant removal, our clinical experience and research have identified several patterns that can help guide treatment decisions. Patients tend to fall into several categories: those with normal blood test profiles, those with early inflammatory markers, and those with preexisting conditions.

Patients with Normal Blood Test Results

Many women with normal blood work and lab profiles show significant improvement after implant removal, particularly when their symptoms:

  • Don’t align with typical disease patterns
  • Include unusual combinations
  • Haven’t been resolved despite visits to multiple specialists

Patients with Early Inflammatory Markers

Some patients show elevated inflammatory markers (such as positive ANA, elevated ferritin, CRP, and ESR) that suggest early autoimmune activity but don’t yet qualify for a specific diagnosis. These “seronegative” cases often experience:

  • Partial to complete symptom resolution after implant removal
  • Varying levels of long-term improvement
  • Potential need for ongoing monitoring

Patients with Preexisting Conditions

For patients who have established diagnoses like autoimmune disease or endocrine disorders, a complete resolution of symptoms is less common upon having their breast implants removed. Removal of implants will not reverse genetic diseases or conditions. However, these patients may experience:

  • Other unexpected positive outcomes
  • Notable improvement in symptoms
  • Reduced need for medication after implant removal

What Should I Expect During My Breast Implant Illness Evaluation in Atlanta, GA?

At Dr. Rudderman Plastic Surgery and Medical Spa, we value collaboration and partnership. You should plan for your consultation to take at least one hour. During this time, you will meet with Dr. Rudderman and other members of our team to situate and integrate yourself into our practice. A partnership with Dr. Rudderman is a collaborative relationship with the entire team.

Our goal at every consultation is to meet you, learn who you are, what lifestyle you lead, and your goals for not just surgery but the next phase of your life. Understanding the way your condition impacts your daily life, physically and emotionally, is an essential component of effective treatment planning. Once we have a complete picture of what you are looking for, we can tailor a treatment plan for long-term results and sustainable beauty.

Because there is no singular definitive test for BII, Dr. Rudderman relies on careful clinical evaluation and exclusion.

During your consultation with Dr. Rudderman, you should expect:

  • A full exam of your health history, prior health testing, and current symptoms. Please bring your medical records with you to your consultation.
  • A discussion of your goals, lifestyle, and desired outcome if implant removal is an option.
  • Please bring an exhaustive list of your symptoms and specific information about your initial implant surgery.
  • Education about your symptoms, current reported studies on BII, treatment options, risks and benefits, recovery, and long-term expectations.
  • Options, including implant removal, are discussed in depth, including recovery, aesthetic options, and emotional considerations.

To learn more about what you can expect from your BII consultation, please visit our page about breast implant illness evaluation in Georgia. Dr. Rudderman specializes in breast surgeries and understands the artistry and surgical complexity they demand, especially when your health, wellness, and emotional state are factors. His advanced techniques and precise surgical skills achieve the most natural-looking results possible to restore your natural confidence and well-being.

How Is Breast Implant Illness Treated?

For many women, breast implant removal is an effective treatment for resolving their symptoms. Breast implant removal is also referred to as explant surgery or breast implant extraction. Plastic surgeons trained in augmentation should have experience and training in removals, revisions, and capsulectomies. As with any procedure, you should select your surgeon based on their knowledge, skill, experience, and outcomes. Board-certified plastic surgeon Dr. Rudderman has extensive experience with breast implant illness in Atlanta and has performed over 5,000 breast surgeries. He understands the toll BII can take on your health and is committed to helping you regain your well-being with expert care and an empathetic approach tailored to your unique needs.

Get to Know the Surgeon

Randy Rudderman, M.D.

Dr. Randy Rudderman is a board-certified plastic surgeon renowned for delivering beautifully natural, confidence-enhancing results. With decades of experience and over 5,000 breast surgeries performed, he brings exceptional skill and artistry to every procedure. Serving Atlanta patients since 1989, Dr. Rudderman offers a full range of breast, body, and non-surgical treatments—each designed to enhance your natural shape while maintaining balance, proportion, and long-term beauty.

What truly sets Dr. Rudderman apart is his personalized, patient-first approach. Every treatment plan is thoughtfully tailored to your goals, anatomy, and lifestyle, ensuring results that feel authentically you. From your first consultation through recovery, he is dedicated to providing an elevated experience rooted in trust, transparency, and attentive care—so you feel confident, supported, and excited about your transformation.

How Should I Prepare for Breast Implant Illness Treatment in Alpharetta, GA?

Preparing for breast implant illness treatment involves a few steps, particularly if there is any additional testing required to exclude other possible causes of your symptoms. If you are pursuing implant removal surgery, you should:

  • Prioritize nutrition: It can be helpful to prepare balanced, nutritious meals or arrange for a meal delivery service. During recovery, getting optimal nutrition is essential to ensure your body has everything it needs to heal.
  • Plan for help: You may need to arrange childcare, pet care, or help around the house during your immediate recovery. Plan for 3 to 4 days of help with children and household tasks.
  • Medical review: Dr. Rudderman may recommend running routine medical tests to ensure you are healthy enough for surgery. These tests may include routine blood tests, an EKG, or a mammogram. Prior tests performed by other specialists may be reviewed. However, this evaluation is not a replacement for a specific evaluation and diagnosis by a specialist trained in endocrine, rheumatologic, neurologic, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, or other conditions of concern that should be considered in your decision to remove implants.
  • Consider your medication: During your consultation, Dr. Rudderman will review your medications, vitamins, and supplements. You will need to discontinue anything that increases the risk of bleeding or bruising for 2 weeks before and after surgery, including fish oil, garlic, ginseng, vitamin E, ibuprofen, and other anti-inflammatory medications.
  • Quit smoking: Nicotine use negatively impacts healing and can increase your risk of complications. Dr. Rudderman recommends that all patients discontinue nicotine use at least 2 weeks before and after surgery to help ensure optimal outcomes and the best possible recovery. Patients who are considering breast lifts may be asked to eliminate nicotine use for a longer timeframe.
  • Focus on a healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is one of the best things you can do to prepare for any surgery. Develop or continue a sustainable exercise routine that will support a stable weight, long-term health, and a greater likelihood of a smooth recovery.
  • Drink plenty of water: Staying hydrated is essential to your recovery. Drink plenty of water during the days leading up to your surgery to support recovery.

How Is Breast Explant Surgery in Alpharetta, GA, Performed?

All breast explant procedures take place in a fully accredited surgical center with state-of-the-art technology, hospital-level safety standards, and an experienced medical team dedicated to your care. Additionally, Dr. Rudderman takes pride in performing every single aspect of your surgery himself. As you go into surgery, you can feel confident knowing you are being cared for by the most qualified professionals available at every step of the process.

On the day of your surgery, you will arrive at the surgical center and meet with Dr. Rudderman to review your treatment plan and ask any last-minute questions you may have. He will then mark your breasts for surgery, and you will meet with a board-certified anesthesiologist.

Breast explant surgery is commonly performed through an incision along the breast fold (the inframammary crease) to remove the breast implant. The most technical aspects of the surgery are the removal of the capsule of scar tissue surrounding the implant and restoring the soft tissues of the breasts to create an aesthetically pleasing appearance when practical. Dr. Rudderman tailors his surgical approach based on each patient’s unique anatomy and implant placement, carefully and safely removing the capsule while protecting the healthy, functional tissues.

Once your implants and capsules have been removed and the soft tissue balance restored, Dr. Rudderman will close the incisions. Minimal bandages and a post-operative bra will be applied to support healing. Some women choose to have a breast lift (mastopexy) to address loose or excess skin and help restore a more natural shape. This may be performed at the same time as explant surgery or at a later date, depending on your needs and examination findings. Fat grafting can also be performed to correct dimpling or contour irregularities. Fat grafting is most frequently delayed to more accurately assess the need for and location of deficient volume.

Most breast implant illness treatments involving explant surgery take 1 to 3 hours and are performed on an outpatient basis.

The operation and artistry involved in breast implant removal procedures are specific to each woman. During your consultation, you will receive extensive education regarding your condition, your concerns, your options, the risks and benefits, and your probable outcome. The goal of every procedure is safe surgery, an excellent appearance, normal anatomic redistribution, and an outcome that lasts for years and ages naturally.

What Should I Expect After Breast Explant Surgery?

Immediately after surgery, you will be wearing a surgical dressing and a bra. As you will have been put under anesthesia, you will need a responsible adult to drive you home and stay with you for at least 24 hours. Many women find that they experience relief from their symptoms within days after their implants are removed.

In general, you can expect the following during your Atlanta breast implant removal recovery:

  • You can expect mild swelling and some discomfort. Dr. Rudderman will prescribe pain medication for comfort management, but this should resolve on its own. After 24 to 48 hours, you should be able to manage discomfort with over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen.
  • Swelling is generally mild and resolves on its own in 2 to 3 weeks.
  • Sutures are absorbable and do not need to be removed.
  • You will have brown paper tape on the incisions to protect the area and help minimize scar formation.
  • You may have a drain tube placed that needs to be checked several times a day. This drain is commonly removed 5 to 7 days after surgery when a capsulectomy (removal of the capsule) has been performed.
  • Most patients can return to desk work in 5 to 7 days. If your job requires physical activity, you may need to take more time off or request modified duties while you recover.
  • Women with children often can return to full childcare within reason in 3 to 4 days, including carpool and driving.
  • Avoid strenuous activity for 3 weeks or until Dr. Rudderman has cleared you to do so.
  • You will be seen in the office 24 hours post-surgery and given a more comfortable bra.
  • Regular follow-up appointments will be scheduled for:
    • One week (often for drain removal)
    • Three weeks after surgery to be released to begin exercise
    • One month after that visit
    • Three to four months after that visit
    • Annually


Follow-up appointments are essential to ensure you’re healing as expected, are actually finding relief from your symptoms, and are satisfied with your natural, age-appropriate results.

What to Anticipate After Surgery

We understand that the decision to take out your implants is not an easy one, especially when no one else can ensure the procedure will alleviate your symptoms. While it is not possible to accurately predict whether implant removal will positively impact your health, many women report a significant improvement in symptoms soon after explant surgery. It is also common for patients to describe improvements in symptoms that were not thought to be associated with BII preoperatively. Women have described improvements in breathing, resolution of rashes, rapid relief of neck, shoulder, and back pain, resumed hair growth, reduced allergies, and resolution of joint pain, chest discomfort, and palpitations, all beyond what could reasonably be explained by placebo alone. Symptoms that do not resolve after implant removal should be evaluated by the patient’s general practitioner and appropriate specialists to avoid overlooking treatable illnesses and health conditions.

The theory of nocebo (when the expectation of an adverse reaction worsens outcomes—the opposite of the placebo effect) may be inadequate to explain the more objective or rheumatologic symptoms reported with BII.

Beyond BII: Other Reasons for Implant Removal

Many women decide to undergo breast implant removal for reasons other than BII, including:

  • Physical pain or discomfort during daily activities
  • Changes in breast shape or size over time
  • Desire for a more natural appearance
  • Preventive removal or a desire to avoid surgery later in life
  • Concerns about breast implants deflating or rupturing
  • Changes in breast shape during activity or exercise

 

It’s important to understand that breast implants are not lifetime devices. While they do not have a specific expiration date, you should always monitor for potential symptoms or complications. If you notice any changes or have concerns, talk to your doctor about implant removal or replacement.

Patient Testimonials

Melissa

Dr. Rudderman is extremely knowledgeable when it comes to BII. He took the time to go over my health history in detail and did a very thorough exam. He is very informative and to the point. His bedside manner was great. He actively listened as I spoke about my concerns and addressed everything I mentioned. The staff there is top-notch. Bonnie made sure I didn’t leave with any unanswered questions, and Lauren was able to discuss all financials in detail and get me scheduled for my upcoming procedure before I left the office.

Amanda

The best surgeon and staff, hands-down. Dr. Rudderman is an amazing surgeon with excellent bedside manner. He actually cares! He performed my breast implant removal + lift, and I couldn’t be happier with my result. He listened to me when I shared that I believed my implants were causing me issues, validated my feelings and made this process incredibly calming in what hasn’t felt the calmest internally. Forever grateful for this entire practice and would recommend Dr. Rudderman to anyone seeking any sort of plastic surgery. He’s a true artist!

How Do I Know a Breast Implant Illness Treatment Is Right for Me?

If you are experiencing the symptoms of breast implant illness, you need to seek treatment to find relief from your symptoms. We understand how frustrating this can be; your implants were supposed to be a long-term investment in yourself, and they have caused more problems, more health concerns, and now you need to have them removed.

While this is scary, frustrating, and disappointing, many women may experience rapid relief from their symptoms after explant surgery. If you are experiencing symptoms that cannot be attributed to anything else, scheduling a breast implant illness evaluation is the best place to start to find relief.

Ready to Get Started?

Dr. Rudderman’s Plastic Surgery and Medical Spa is known throughout the Atlanta area as the leader in the field of plastic surgery and aesthetics. With over 37 years of experience, Dr. Rudderman takes the time to listen to patients’ concerns and goals during the consultation. He partners with patients through every step of their journey, educating and advising them on how to achieve the most beautiful outcomes.

Schedule Your Consultation with Dr. Randy Rudderman Today

If you’ve experienced what you believe to be symptoms of BII and have felt dismissed by other surgeons or healthcare providers, you are not alone. Many women come to our offices feeling frustrated because their concerns have not been heard when being evaluated by other healthcare providers or surgeons, leaving them without treatment options. We are here to listen and help you find relief and a path to recovery. Patients experience real symptoms, and a significant percentage report improvement or resolution after implant removal.

If you have developed unexplained symptoms that you suspect may stem from your breast implants, schedule a consultation with board-certified plastic surgeon Dr. Rudderman. As an experienced BII specialist who has performed thousands of successful explant surgeries, he will take the time to understand your symptoms and help you make an informed decision about your health.

To learn more about breast implant illness treatment options, call Dr. Rudderman at (678) 566-7200 or request your consultation online to get started with your transformation. You are worth it.

Atlanta Breast Implant Illness FAQs

Unfortunately, there is currently no known way to prevent or predict breast implant illness. Our immune systems react differently to foreign objects in the body, and there is no reliable way to predict an individual’s risk of developing breast implant illness before augmentation. Women with pre-existing immune complex illnesses, hypersensitivities to foods, products, and medications, or undiagnosed symptoms of concern may need to exercise caution before selecting breast augmentation as an option. Most BII symptoms have also been associated with other treatable illnesses, making a general health screening and physical exam a best practice when evaluating breast implant illness, as there is no definitive test for BII. Best medical practice involves ensuring that treatable conditions unrelated to breast implants are not overlooked.

There are women who do not have a positive experience with implant removal and regret their explantation, making the decision to have your implants removed worth careful consideration. Symptoms that do not resolve after implant removal should be further evaluated by another healthcare provider. Even with resolution of symptoms, the aesthetic appearance following implant removal may result in significant dissatisfaction. Some skin and soft tissue changes of the breast and chest wall may not resolve or return to normal, and they may not return to their pre-augmentation appearance or consistency after years of augmentation and natural aging. Additional surgical options may be considered to improve soft tissue appearance and breast contour following implant removal, either at the time of removal or at a later date. Dr. Rudderman will discuss these possibilities with you prior to deciding on treatment and explain what can be done to help maintain your aesthetic goals.

It is not yet clear how many people suffer from BII. Anyone with breast implants can develop BII, and more than 300,000 breast augmentations are performed in the U.S. each year. The FDA asks patients to report symptoms of BII so they can keep track of how many people are affected. They have received thousands of reports, with unexplained fatigue being the most cited symptom. However, the actual number of people affected is likely much larger. Reports indicate as many as 30,000 implant removals are now performed yearly for a variety of reasons.

Yes. We offer financing through CareCredit and other options, making breast implant removal surgery more accessible.

Breast Implant Illness Research and Resources

The lack of objective lab evidence for BII has contributed to some scepticism around this condition; however, the stories of women who claim to be suffering from BII are very compelling. While a causative relationship has not been established, researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre have found that silicone implants are associated with some rare diseases, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. Their studies underscore the need for more research in this area.

If you are interested in learning more about BII, you may also find these additional articles and resources helpful:

Learn more about Dr. Rudderman, his medical training, and credentials.